1. What changes have occurred in Vila Nova, Brazil, as a result of the turn to sisal as a cash crop?

Because there is now money to buy foods from outside the region, everyone is eating a more balanced diet than before.
Families are tending to be larger, as there is an economic incentive to have more workers.
Most of the sisal workers and small farmers have become dependent for necessary supplies on a new, relatively wealthy class of small businessmen.
The conflicts between ranchers and sisal growers have intensified, as the growers fence off what used to be free grazing range.
The mechanization of sisal production has freed the children from laboring in the fields, so more children are now attending school.

2. Why, according to Lappe's article, CAN'T people in "developing" countries feed themselves?

Because soils are too poor, and water too scarce, in most of these "Third World" countries to support effective farming .
Because people in these countries have different attitudes towards work than do the more achievement-oriented nations, and are just not motivated to work hard enough to support themselves.
Because industrialized countries have taken over much of the productive land and labor in the "Third World", for use in producing profit-making (for the Europeans) export crops.
Because people in these usually tropical regions are so exhausted by malaria and other tropical diseases, that they haven't the energy to produce enough to feed themselves and their families.
Because these people's primitive technologies and backward cultural traditions prevent them from trying new, more efficient ideas or techniques that would improve their lot.

3. According to Lappe's article, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?", what were "marketing boards", and what was their effect in the colonies?

Marketing Boards were councils of local (native) producers who met to share ideas for increasing farming efficiency.
Marketing boards, set up by colonial governments, purchased native crops at low prices and sold them in Europe at high prices.
Marketing boards, set up by colonial governments, saw to it that natives were paid fair prices for good they produced for sale in European markets.
Marketing boards were native councils that managed the local and regional food markets, long the primary centers for redistribution in most of the African and Asian societies.

4. According to Lappe's article. "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?", how were peasants motivated to work on plantations owned by Europeans?

They were sometimes literally coerced, with guns and whips, to work in the European fields.
They were required to pay colonial taxes, for which they needed cash, and therefore had to work for wages.
The best farming lands were taken over by the colonial governments and companies, leaving the natives unable to support themselves unless they worked for wages on European plantations.
All of the above were strategies explicitly developed by Europeans to assure themselves of a cheap labor supply.
None of the above were necessary - the benefits and purchasing power of cash were readily apparent, and wage work was eagerly adopted by most natives.

5. What is sisal?

A spiny, cactus-like plant, with long fibers in its leaves which can be made into rope or twine.
A form of marijuana, originally grown for use in native rituals, and now increasingly grown as a cash crop for export to the United States.
A starchy root crop, somewhat like a potato, which is a staple of rural Brazilians' diets.
A highly nutritious cereal grain, related to wheat, which can also be used to make a strong, dark native beer.
A bamboo-like plant, used to make the native flutes regarded as necessary elements in Brazilian healing rituals.

6. According to Lappe's article, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?", how were peasants in the colonies motivated to work on European-owned plantations?

They were literally coerced, with guns and whips, to work the Europeans' fields.
They were required to pat colonial taxes, for which they needed cash, and therefore had to work for wages.
The best farming lands were taken over by the colonial governments and companies, leaving the local 'native' people unable to support themselves unless they worked for wages on European plantations
All of the above were strategies explicitly developed by Europeans to assure themselves a cheap labor supply.
None of the above tactics - the benefits and purchasing power of cash were readily apparent, and wage work was eagerly adopted by most native peoples.

7. In the shantytowns of Brazil (as described in the article, "Death Without Weeping"), how do mothers explain the deaths of so many of their infants?

The mothers explain the high infant mortality as the result of the grinding poverty in which they are forced to live.
The mothers believe that Jesus has called the babies back to Heaven, to be with Him.
The mothers know that the babies are starving to death, and could be saved by better care.
The mothers believe that Satan has stolen their babies, because they are so beautiful...and that there's no way to fight the devil.
The mothers blame themselves for not knowing how to provide the care their infants need, and feel each loss with both guilt and grief.

8. Which of the following most accurately illustrates or reflects the concept of "structural violence" as discussed in chapter 16 of your text?

the use of military force to suppress popular rebellions.
the increase in incidents of wife-beating and child abuse in modern and modernizing cultures.
the observation that poor countries bear disproportionately large share of the costs, and get very few of the benefits, of development or modernization.
the almost ritualized feuds and battles among the street gangs in many Western urban centers.
the increased use by centralized governments of nation-states of the death penalty considered as a legitimate means of social control.

9. It is possible today to eat a McDonald's hamburger in Japan and drink Coca-Cola in China; this is indicative of what trend discussed in your text?

International laws passed by the Food and Drug Administration.
The spread of an egalitarian ideology: everyone should have an equal right to eat a Big Mac!
The emergence of a global culture.
The development of cultural pluralism.
The tendency toward replacement reproduction.

10. Which of the following effects have multinational corporations had on international and domestic scenes as they expanded in the last 30-40 years?

Because multinational corporations cut across nation states, they have contributed to a form of global unity.
Multinational corporations have become so powerful that they have been able to influence national government decisions in ways that benefit the companies rather than the citizens.
Because multinational corporations are the "product of the technological revolution", they have greatly increased the efficiency in the use of global resources.
a and b above.
all of the above.

11. The nutritional studies carried out in Vila Nova, Brazil, reveal which of the following health patterns among sisal workers' families?

The grown-ups were depriving themselves of necessary calories and nutrition in order to see to it that their children were well-fed.
Because of the government "hot lunch" programs in the schools, children were often nutritionally better off than their parents.
Childrens' diets were more deficient in calories and nutritional value than their parents' diets.
Although the quantity of food per household diminished, with the new foods that had become available, the nutritional quality of daily meals improved.

12. As a result of the introduction of sisal as a cash crop in the Brazilian village of Vila Nova, which of the following changes have taken place?

Almost every family can now make a decent, if hard-working, living.
Patterns of mutual aid and co-operation have increased among the farm families, who take turns working in each other's fields to ensure maximum yields for all of them.
People unused to having cash available to them now spend their new profits unwisely on modern technologies, which they will not be able to maintain.
Most villagers no longer grow their food, and must now work on the large plantations to earn money to buy food.
All of the above are mentioned as direct or indirect results of this newcrop.

13. According to Lappe's article, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?", European colonial powers instituted which of the following practices into African and Asian farming?

Colonial governments instituted large-scale cash-crop farming of goods to be sold in European markets.
Colonial governments encouraged native farmers to try new, more productive food crops to help solve the chronic famine problems in the colonies.
Colonial governments forced native farmers to hire large numbers of unemployed Europeans,essentially dumping European labor problems into the colonies' economies.
Colonial governments encouraged ambitious young 'natives' to get good European educations, so they could lead their peoples into the future.
Colonial governments mostly left the native peoples alone, to continue their own subsistence farming methods they had always used.

14. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "cultural pluralism"?

Native-Americans are organizing themselves politically to achieve greater self-determination and autonomy.
Western-style clothing and food have spread to all parts of the world.
Over the past 5,000 years there has been a clear trend for political units to become larger and fewer in number.
More and more countries are instituting population control measures.
Multinational corporations have offices and labor forces in many countries.

15. "Global apartheid" refers to

the prediction that in the future, South Africa will dominate the world economy.
the fact that whites, although they make up only one-third of the world's population today, have disproportionately greater access to the world's resources.
the fact that non-whites suffer a disproportionate share of the world's problems of hunger, pollution, and overpopulation, and have a much greater chance of dying a violent death than do whites.
the fact that the structure of world society at large is very similar to that of South Africa.
all of the above except (a).

16. The demand by "developed" countries for such items as coffee, chocolate, tea, cotton, and beef has had which of the following consequences?

An increase in the standard of living of the world's former "subsistence farmers", who now have more reliable paid employment on plantations and ranches.
An increase in famine and poverty in the "Third World", as former "subsistence farmers" are pushed off their lands to make way for the huge farms/ranches, which produce cash crops for export.
A more efficient use of energy, water, and land resources, as the superior 'agribusiness' technology and knowledge are applied to "Third World" settings.
A lessening of population pressure in the cities, as urban workers can now return to the countryside as agricultural laborers.
A decrease in "Third World" countries' national debts, as the proceeds from multinational agribusiness projects enable governments to pay off long-standing loans.